SBA Renal Conditions
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A 65-year-old man presents with difficulty starting urination, weak stream, and nocturia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
BPH is common in older men and presents with lower urinary tract symptoms, including difficulty urinating.
A 30-year-old uncircumcised male presents with pain, swelling, and redness of the foreskin and glans. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Balanitis
Balanitis refers to inflammation of the glans and foreskin, often associated with poor hygiene or infections.
A 45-year-old man presents with fever, dysuria, perineal pain, and tender prostate on examination. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Prostatitis
Prostatitis is often associated with systemic symptoms and urinary complaints alongside prostate tenderness.
A patient presents with an inability to urinate, suprapubic pain, and palpable bladder distension. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Urinary Retention
Acute urinary retention requires immediate catheterisation to relieve symptoms and prevent complications.
A 25-year-old woman presents with dysuria, urinary frequency, and suprapubic pain. Urinalysis shows leukocytes and nitrites. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Urinary Tract Infection
UTIs typically present with dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain, often confirmed by positive urinalysis findings.
A 30-year-old man presents with scrotal pain, swelling, and fever. Prehn's sign is positive. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Epididymitis
Epididymitis typically presents with scrotal pain, swelling, and systemic symptoms such as fever.
A 45-year-old man presents with painful urination and urethral discharge. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Urethritis
Urethritis is often caused by sexually transmitted infections and presents with discharge and dysuria.
A hospitalised patient develops oliguria, elevated creatinine, and urea levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
AKI is characterised by a rapid decline in renal function, often due to dehydration, sepsis, or nephrotoxic drugs.
A 60-year-old diabetic patient presents with fatigue, pruritus, and oedema. Blood tests show an eGFR of 25 mL/min/1.73m². What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
CKD is a progressive decline in kidney function, often associated with diabetes or hypertension.
A 10-year-old child presents with periorbital oedema, proteinuria, and hypoalbuminaemia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome presents with oedema, heavy proteinuria, and hypoalbuminaemia, often requiring steroid therapy.
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