SBA Renal Conditions

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Renal & Urological SBA Questions

A 65-year-old man presents with difficulty starting urination, weak stream, and nocturia. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
  • Acute Urinary Retention
  • Prostatitis
  • Bladder Cancer

Answer: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

BPH is common in older men and presents with lower urinary tract symptoms, including difficulty urinating.

A 30-year-old uncircumcised male presents with pain, swelling, and redness of the foreskin and glans. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Balanitis
  • Phimosis
  • Prostatitis
  • Urethritis

Answer: Balanitis

Balanitis refers to inflammation of the glans and foreskin, often associated with poor hygiene or infections.

A 45-year-old man presents with fever, dysuria, perineal pain, and tender prostate on examination. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Prostatitis
  • Urinary Retention
  • Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
  • Urethritis

Answer: Prostatitis

Prostatitis is often associated with systemic symptoms and urinary complaints alongside prostate tenderness.

A patient presents with an inability to urinate, suprapubic pain, and palpable bladder distension. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Urinary Retention
  • Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
  • Prostatitis

Answer: Urinary Retention

Acute urinary retention requires immediate catheterisation to relieve symptoms and prevent complications.

A 25-year-old woman presents with dysuria, urinary frequency, and suprapubic pain. Urinalysis shows leukocytes and nitrites. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Urinary Tract Infection
  • Acute Kidney Injury
  • Nephrotic Syndrome
  • Urethritis

Answer: Urinary Tract Infection

UTIs typically present with dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain, often confirmed by positive urinalysis findings.

A 30-year-old man presents with scrotal pain, swelling, and fever. Prehn's sign is positive. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Epididymitis
  • Orchitis
  • Testicular Torsion
  • Prostatitis

Answer: Epididymitis

Epididymitis typically presents with scrotal pain, swelling, and systemic symptoms such as fever.

A 45-year-old man presents with painful urination and urethral discharge. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Urethritis
  • Urinary Tract Infection
  • Prostatitis
  • Balanitis

Answer: Urethritis

Urethritis is often caused by sexually transmitted infections and presents with discharge and dysuria.

A hospitalised patient develops oliguria, elevated creatinine, and urea levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
  • Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Nephrotic Syndrome
  • Urinary Retention

Answer: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

AKI is characterised by a rapid decline in renal function, often due to dehydration, sepsis, or nephrotoxic drugs.

A 60-year-old diabetic patient presents with fatigue, pruritus, and oedema. Blood tests show an eGFR of 25 mL/min/1.73m². What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
  • Acute Kidney Injury
  • Nephrotic Syndrome
  • Urinary Tract Infection

Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

CKD is a progressive decline in kidney function, often associated with diabetes or hypertension.

A 10-year-old child presents with periorbital oedema, proteinuria, and hypoalbuminaemia. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Nephrotic Syndrome
  • Acute Kidney Injury
  • Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Urinary Tract Infection

Answer: Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome presents with oedema, heavy proteinuria, and hypoalbuminaemia, often requiring steroid therapy.