SBA Renal Conditions

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Renal & Urological SBA Questions

A 72-year-old man presents with urinary hesitancy, weak stream, and a PSA of 30 ng/mL. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Prostate Cancer
  • Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
  • Bladder Cancer
  • Renal Calculi

Correct answer: Prostate Cancer

Elevated PSA and urinary symptoms in older men are highly suggestive of prostate cancer.

A 65-year-old smoker presents with painless haematuria and weight loss. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Renal Tract Cancer
  • Acute Pyelonephritis
  • Kidney Stones
  • Glomerulonephritis

Correct answer: Renal Tract Cancer

Painless haematuria is a red flag for malignancy, particularly in smokers or those with weight loss.

A 25-year-old man presents with a painless lump in his testicle. Ultrasound confirms an intratesticular mass. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Testicular Cancer
  • Epididymitis
  • Hydrocele
  • Varicocele

Correct answer: Testicular Cancer

Painless intratesticular masses in young men are highly suggestive of testicular cancer.

A 45-year-old man presents with severe flank pain radiating to the groin and haematuria. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)
  • Acute Kidney Injury
  • Bladder Infection
  • Renal Cancer

Correct answer: Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)

Colicky flank pain radiating to the groin is classic for kidney stones.

A 65-year-old woman reports urinary leakage when coughing and sneezing. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Stress Incontinence
  • Urge Incontinence
  • Overflow Incontinence
  • Functional Incontinence

Correct answer: Stress Incontinence

Leakage with increased abdominal pressure is characteristic of stress incontinence.

A 2-year-old boy has an undescended testicle. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Cryptorchidism
  • Hydrocele
  • Varicocele
  • Testicular Torsion

Correct answer: Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism refers to an undescended testicle, common in young boys.

A 22-year-old man presents with a soft, fluid-filled scrotal mass that transilluminates. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Hydrocele
  • Varicocele
  • Epididymitis
  • Testicular Torsion

Correct answer: Hydrocele

A hydrocele is a fluid-filled sac around the testicle, often painless and transilluminates on examination.

A 14-year-old boy presents with acute scrotal pain and a high-riding testicle. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Testicular Torsion
  • Epididymitis
  • Hydrocele
  • Varicocele

Correct answer: Testicular Torsion

Acute scrotal pain with a high-riding testicle is classic for testicular torsion, requiring emergency intervention.

A 10-year-old boy presents with painful swelling of the foreskin that cannot be retracted. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Phimosis
  • Paraphimosis
  • Urethritis
  • Balanitis

Correct answer: Phimosis

Phimosis refers to the inability to retract the foreskin, often causing discomfort or infection.

A 35-year-old man presents with a family history of kidney disease and multiple renal cysts on ultrasound. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • Polycystic Kidney Disease
  • Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Acute Kidney Injury
  • Renal Cell Carcinoma

Correct answer: Polycystic Kidney Disease

Polycystic kidney disease is characterised by multiple renal cysts and is often familial.